Technology & Innovation

How CGM sensor technology works: the glucose oxidase and optical mechanisms behind continuous glucose monitoring sensors from Dexcom, Abbott, MiniMed ...

How MARD (mean absolute relative difference) is calculated and used to compare the accuracy of CGM systems, with published figures and study design no...

How continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) data ecosystems move readings from sensor to phone to cloud, and how remote monitoring works for caregivers (D...

As of October 2026, the major US continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) manufacturers are Dexcom, Abbott, MiniMed and Senseonics, and their product lines...

The Over-the-Counter (OTC) CGM market began in 2024, when the FDA cleared **Dexcom's Stelo** (March) and **Abbott's Lingo and Libre Rio** (May and Jun...

An overview of the patent landscape and intellectual property in continuous glucose monitoring (CGM), including how long CGM patents last and real sen...

Automated insulin delivery (AID) algorithms use CGM readings to decide how much insulin a pump delivers. We explain the main algorithm types (PID, MPC...

Continuous Glucose Monitors measure glucose in Interstitial Fluid (ISF), not blood, so their readings trail blood glucose by a physiological lag that ...

Who can see the glucose data that CGMs and other consumer health wearables collect, and which U.S. privacy rules apply: HIPAA, the FTC Health Breach N...

Microneedle Array (MNA) sensors take a different route to Continuous Glucose Monitoring: instead of the single wire that Dexcom and Abbott sensors pla...

How signal processing algorithms in a CGM turn a raw sensor signal into a glucose reading through calibration, noise filtering and lag compensation. W...

The move from user-calibrated to **Factory Calibrated** Continuous Glucose Monitors (CGMs) rests mostly on sensor chemistry and consistent manufacturi...

AID interoperability lets continuous glucose monitors (CGMs), insulin pumps and dosing algorithms from different companies work together as one automa...

Biofouling, driven by the foreign body response (FBR), limits how long a CGM sensor in the skin stays accurate. This article covers the mitigation str...

Closed-Loop Systems, or **Automated Insulin Delivery (AID)**, link a CGM, an insulin pump and a dosing algorithm. Commercial algorithms didn't simply ...

Non-enzymatic glucose sensing technologies measure glucose without an enzyme, either by oxidizing it directly on a metal or nanomaterial electrode or ...

How sensor bio-fouling, the buildup of proteins and cells on a sensor's surface, and the biocompatibility of sensor materials affect continuous glucos...

How MARD (mean absolute relative difference), the most quoted CGM accuracy number, has changed by sensor generation, from the first Medtronic sensors ...

Closed-loop algorithms link a CGM to an insulin pump and adjust insulin delivery automatically from glucose readings. This article explains how today'...

An overview of direct-to-consumer (DTC) metabolic monitoring: the over-the-counter CGMs and apps the FDA has cleared for sale without a prescription (...

Microneedle (MN) Array technology moves CGM sensing from the subcutaneous fat to the **dermis**, using projections so short that they usually stop abo...

Non-adjunctive meal detection algorithms are software that tries to recognize meals from CGM glucose data, alone or with other wearable signals, so an...

FDA records describe no separate pediatric calibration algorithm: children and adults wear the same factory-calibrated CGM sensors, and as of October ...

Smart pen integration links the dose log from a connected insulin pen with CGM glucose data, turning multiple daily injections (MDI) into a "Smart MDI...

Ultra-rapid acting insulin formulations such as Fiasp and Lyumjev are mealtime insulins reformulated to reach the bloodstream within minutes of inject...

Factory calibration, not AI, is what took routine fingerstick calibration out of CGMs. AI and Machine Learning are mostly research tools aimed at sign...

Biofouling, the buildup of proteins and cells on a sensor's surface, works differently for dermal glucose sensors that sit in or on the skin, such as ...

How biofouling and the foreign body response (FBR) limit CGM wear time, and how mitigation differs between 10- to 15-day skin-worn sensors and the imp...

Automated insulin delivery (AID) algorithms act on every reading, so a continuous glucose monitor (CGM) that feeds one must meet the FDA's iCGM requir...

Implantable fluorescence sensors measure glucose with light: in Senseonics' Eversense 365, glucose binds reversibly to a boronic-acid indicator on the...

Multi-hormone AID systems dose insulin together with glucagon, and in some research systems pramlintide, so the algorithm can do more than cut back in...

PID (proportional-integral-derivative) and MPC (model predictive control) are the two control approaches most often used in automated insulin delivery...

**Ultra-Rapid Acting Insulins (URAI)** such as **Fiasp** (Novo Nordisk) and **Lyumjev** (Eli Lilly) add ingredients that speed up insulin absorption, ...

**Zwitterionic Polymer Coatings** are a material-science approach researchers are testing to keep Continuous Glucose Monitor (CGM) sensors accurate fo...

How continuous glucose monitors (CGMs) handle power management and miniaturization, from low-power Bluetooth radios to single-use, all-in-one sensors ...

How CGM sensor calibration algorithms convert a raw sensor current into a glucose reading, how factory calibration and fingerstick calibration differ,...