Safety & Warnings
Adverse events, skin reactions, regulatory warnings, and safety considerations for CGM users
Adverse Events, Skin Reactions, and Safety Warnings
Continuous Glucose Monitors (CGMs) carry their own safety risks. **Dermatological issues** such as redness and itching are the most common reason peop...
Non-Invasive and Experimental Glucose Monitoring
Non-Invasive Glucose Monitoring (NIGM) aims to measure glucose without needles, using optical (spectroscopy), radio-frequency (RF) or electrochemical ...
CGM Data Ownership and Cybersecurity
Who can claim CGM data under HIPAA, FTC rules and the GDPR, and what the FDA's section 524B cybersecurity requirements and February 2026 premarket gui...
CGM Data Privacy and Cybersecurity
CGM data privacy and cybersecurity: the real risks to glucose data and connected CGM systems, and what HIPAA, FDA cybersecurity rules and ISO/IEC 2700...
Non-Invasive Glucose Monitoring Technologies
Non-Invasive Glucose Monitoring (NIGM) tries to estimate glucose without needles, using **Optical Spectroscopy (NIR/Raman)**, **RF Sensing**, or **Tra...
Non-Invasive Glucose Sensing Technologies
Non-invasive glucose sensing tries to estimate glucose without piercing the skin, using near-infrared spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, radio-frequenc...
Environmental Impact and Sustainability of Disposable Sensors
All-in-one, fully disposable CGM sensors (e.g., Dexcom G7, FreeStyle Libre 3 Plus) present a sustainability trade-off: miniaturization has cut **plast...
Implantable Fluorescence Sensors (Eversense)
The **Eversense** system by **Senseonics** is the main **implantable fluorescence-based CGM**. As of October 2026 its current model is the **Eversense...
Integration with Automated Insulin Delivery (AID) Systems
Integration with **Automated Insulin Delivery (AID)** systems turns Continuous Glucose Monitoring (CGM) from a display into the input that drives insu...
Multi-Analyte Sensing in CGM
Multi-analyte sensing lets one continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) sensor measure glucose plus another substance, such as ketones or lactate. As of Oc...
Tear and Saliva Glucose Correlation Failures
Research into **tear and saliva-based Continuous Glucose Monitoring (CGM)** has repeatedly run into the same wall: glucose in these fluids does not tr...
Adhesive Chemistry and Dermatological Issues in CGMs
CGM sensors are held on the skin with medical adhesives for days at a time, and dermatology studies have traced allergic contact dermatitis from sever...
CGM Interference Profiles Comparison
CGM interference depends mainly on the sensor's transduction method: **Electrochemical** (Dexcom, Abbott, MiniMed) vs. **Optical** (Senseonics Eversen...
Cybersecurity Vulnerabilities in Connected Medical Devices
Once **Continuous Glucose Monitors (CGMs)** feed **Automated Insulin Delivery (AID)** systems, cybersecurity in these connected medical devices become...
Cybersecurity in Connected CGM Ecosystems
Connected CGM ecosystems send glucose data over Bluetooth Low Energy to phones, insulin pumps and the cloud, which creates cybersecurity risks that ra...
Cybersecurity in Connected Medical Devices
The integration of **Continuous Glucose Monitors (CGMs)** into **Automated Insulin Delivery (AID)** systems creates an **Internet of Medical Things (I...
Non-Invasive Optical Glucose Sensing Technologies
Non-Invasive Optical Glucose Sensing tries to replace needles with light-based measurement, but glucose is a tiny share of tissue and its signal is ha...
Optical and Raman Spectroscopy for Glucose Sensing
Optical glucose sensing swaps the electrochemical reaction used by most glucose sensors for light-based measurement. The field splits into **Implantab...
Third-Generation Direct Electron Transfer (DET) Enzymes
Third-Generation **Direct Electron Transfer (DET)** biosensors move electrons straight from a glucose enzyme to the electrode. They skip the oxygen us...
Adversarial Machine Learning in AID Algorithms
How adversarial machine learning and falsified sensor data could mislead automated insulin delivery (AID) algorithms that depend on continuous glucose...
Environmental Impact of Disposable CGM Electronics
The environmental impact of continuous glucose monitors (CGMs) comes from the steady turnover of disposable sensors, each carrying a plastic case, a p...
Forensic Analysis of Compromised Medical Devices
Forensic analysis of Continuous Glucose Monitors (CGMs) works backward from a device failure, whether physical breakage or a cybersecurity breach, to ...
Impedance Spectroscopy for Biofouling Detection
Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) measures how an electrode responds to small alternating voltages across many frequencies, and researchers...
Microneedle Array Technologies
**Microneedle Array (MNA)** technologies replace the subcutaneous wire sensor with a dermal patch of microscopic projections (up to about 1 mm long) t...
Non-Invasive Optical CGM in Pediatrics
Non-invasive optical CGM for pediatric use is still at the research stage: as of October 2026 no optical or other non-invasive glucose monitor is FDA-...
Non-Invasive Optical Glucose Sensing Physics
Non-invasive optical glucose sensing tries to read glucose from how light is absorbed and scattered in skin. This article explains the physics behind ...
Security Risks in Open-Source AID Communities
Security in Open-Source Automated Insulin Delivery (AID) communities (e.g., Loop, OpenAPS) is a trade-off between clinical innovation and cybersecurit...
Tear and Saliva Glucose Monitoring
Tear and saliva glucose monitoring tries to read glucose from tears or saliva instead of blood, using contact lens sensors, eyelid inserts and mouthgu...
Regulatory Frameworks for Medical E-Waste Recycling
Used continuous glucose monitor (CGM) sensors fall between electronic-waste and battery rules, such as the EU WEEE Directive and Battery Regulation, a...
Transient Electronics in Healthcare
**Transient Electronics** are research-stage medical devices designed to dissolve or resorb in the body after a set working period. For CGM, the idea ...