Biofouling Mitigation Strategies for Dermal Sensors

Introduction

Biofouling, driven by the Foreign Body Response (FBR), poses a significant challenge in the development of continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) systems, limiting their lifespan and accuracy [1]. The FBR is a complex process involving the activation of immune cells, the release of inflammatory mediators, and the formation of a fibrotic capsule around the implanted device.

Current Strategies

To mitigate biofouling, the industry is transitioning from traditional PEG-based coatings to more robust Zwitterionic polymers (betaines) that create a hydration shell to repel protein adsorption [2]. These coatings have shown promise in reducing biofouling and improving the overall performance of CGM systems. For long-term implants, such as the Senseonics Eversense, passive coatings are insufficient, and active drug elution (Dexamethasone) is employed to suppress fibrous encapsulation [3].

Alternative Approaches

Meanwhile, manufacturers like Abbott and Dexcom focus on optimizing membrane porosity and utilizing Osmium-mediated electron transfer to maintain accuracy despite mild biofouling [4]. This approach has been shown to improve the stability and reliability of CGM systems.

Emerging Research

Emerging research targets Nitric Oxide (NO) releasing materials to mimic endothelial function and nanotopography to physically discourage cell adhesion, offering promising avenues for biofouling mitigation [5]. These innovative approaches have the potential to significantly improve the performance and longevity of CGM systems.

Conclusion

In conclusion, the development of effective biofouling mitigation strategies is crucial for improving the performance and longevity of CGM systems. Ongoing research and innovation in this area are expected to play a key role in advancing the field of CGM. The use of evidence-based reasoning and clear explanations is essential in presenting the complex information related to biofouling mitigation strategies.